Let's learn about Cryptography via these 243 free blog posts. They are ordered by HackerNoon reader engagement data. Visit the Learn Repo or LearnRepo.com to find the most read blog posts about any technology.
The art and science of encrypting your messages before sending them out. From Hitler's Enigma to your Whatsapp messages, cryptography has seen it all.
1. How to Create Your Own Cryptocurrency: A Beginners Guide
The first steps to make your own cryptocurrency are to know your use case, choose a consensus mechanism, and pick a blockchain platform.
2. Real-world Use Cases of Dynamic Programming
Applications of dynamic programming
3. A Closer Look At Ethereum Signatures
Asymmetric cryptography is one of the most important computer science inventions of the previous century. It also lies at the heart of all <a href="https://hackernoon.com/tagged/blockchain" target="_blank">blockchain</a> technology. In this post we’ll take a deeper look at how Ethereum uses the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic-curve_cryptography" target="_blank">Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA)</a> to validate the origin and integrity of messages.
4. How to Use AES-256 Cipher: Python Cryptography Examples
Need to encrypt some text with a password or private key in Python? You certainly came to the right place. AES-256 is a solid symmetric cipher that is commonly used to encrypt data for oneself. In other words, the same person who is encrypting the data is typically decrypting it as well (think password manager).
5. Ockam launches Orchestrator for Enterprise-grade Trust of Data-in-Motion
Ockam launches Ockam Orchestrator, a fully-managed cloud service that Enterprise developers need to build trust between applications.
6. A CTO’s Reflection of the 2023 RSA Conference
Ockam's CTO reflects on his experience at the RSA conference, and how our current approach to cybersecurity is untenable
7. From Mnemonic Phrase to Private Key: Everything You Need to Know
This article provides an explanation of how to obtain your private key for any blockchain and highlights why it is the optimal method for storing all your keys.
8. Hashing Passwords In Python: Bcrypt Tutorial with Examples
Building a from-scratch server or using a lightweight framework is empowering. With that power comes responsibility, specifically the responsibility to securely store user’s passwords.
9. Public Key Cryptography: RSA keys
10. BIP 32 Watch-Only Wallets
Bitcoin improvement proposal 32 is, in my opinion, one of the most important BIPs we have. (Thanks Peter Wuille!) BIP 32 gave us Hierarchical Deterministic Wallets. That is, the ability to create a tree of keys from a single seed.
11. Generating Randomness In Blockchain: Verifiable Random Function
Blockchains such as Bitcoin are facing a key problem. How to fairly spread out the decision-making consensus on what pool will win the competition and have the right to add the new block into the blockchain itself.
12. How To Build a Minimalistic Ethereum Wallet in Python [Part 1]
In this article, we are going to build a simple Ethereum wallet from scratch using Python. During the process, we will use some cryptography and try to interact with the Ethereum blockchain. In part 1, we will generate a key pair which is compatible with the Ethereum protocol, obtain the Ethereum address from the public key and encrypt the private key using a password.
13. How To Code Gas-Less Tokens on Ethereum
14. Ockam Routing: Building End-to-End Channels
Learn how to create secure channels over multi-hop, multi-protocol routes which can span various network topologies and transport protocols.
15. KZG10, IPA, FRI, and DARKS: Analysis Of Polynomial Commitment Schemes
Among all popular polynomial commitment schemes, KZG is the best scheme in terms of succinctness but triggers security concerns.
16. What Is White-Box Cryptography?
White-box cryptography combines methods of encryption and obfuscation to embed secret keys within application code. The goal is to combine code and keys in such a way that the two are indistinguishable to an attacker, and the new "white-box" program can be safely run in an insecure environment.
17. Implementing 2FA: How Time-Based One-Time Password Actually Works [With Python Examples]
If you care about your security on the web, you probably use a Two-Factor authentication (2FA) method to protect your accounts. There are various 2FA methods available out there, a combination of password + fingerprint, for example, is one of them. However, since not so many people have a fingerprint reader available all the time, one of the most popular 2FA methods today is to use an authenticator app on your cellphone to generate a temporary password that expires within a minute or even less. But, how does this temporary password, called Time-Based One-Time Password (TOTP) works, and how can I implement that on my own service?
18. A Guide to Multi-Party Computation (MPC)
A look at blockchain security innovations for safe and efficient wallets, with a hands-on Python demo.
19. Cryptology Vs. Cryptography Vs. Cryptanalysis - Get your Vocabulary Right!
Many new developers are jumping right into coding (usually for those fat paychecks) without learning much about the history of Computer Science. People regarded Alan Turing as the father of Computer Science. He was first a cryptologist and mathematician. Then, he pioneered the field of CS in order to solve cryptological problems.
20. Introduction to Cryptographic Hash Functions
Cryptographic Hash Functions are a class of hash functions that are cryptographically secure. From password authentication and integrity verification to blockchain—these functions are used in a multitude of applications.
21. HMAC and MAC Explained: How To Build Secure Authentication With JWTs
HMACs and MACs are authentication codes and are often the backbone of JWT authentication systems. Let's take a look at how they work!
22. Why Is XOR the Perfect Cipher?
XOR is a simple bitwise operation that allows cryptographers to create strong encryption systems.
23. Never Rely on UUID for Authentication: Generation Vulnerabilities and Best Practices
The risks and best practices of using UUIDs for authentication, uncovering vulnerabilities, and secure implementation strategies.
24. Using Solidity RSA Signatures for Presales and Airdrops
A gas efficient alternative to ECDSA and Merkle Trees for airdrops and presales.
25. Random: Meaning in Everyday Life and in Science
“That’s so random!” Common phrase used to express something is unexpected or without a pattern. Does random mean something different in science?
26. Introduction to Fully Homomorphic Encryption
Exploring fully homomorphic encryption which, for a long time been considered one of the holy grails of cryptography.
27. Why Quantum Computing can Break Bitcoin and Ethereum Blockchain
This article talks about quantum computing and why it can break encryption in blockchains such as Bitcoin and Ethereum.
28. Top 10 Best Private Encrypted Messengers Designed For Security Nuts
Being concerned with the security of online communication and information exchange is absolutely OK. It is a reflection of the fact that you
are aware of global surveillance happening every second of our presence online. Our online activities are monitored, intercepted, collected, and stored. And now imagine that what you know is only the small fraction of what is really happening with our information.
29. Data Fingerprinting in JavaScript
I want to talk a little about how you can use content-based addressing (aka data fingerprinting) as a general approach to make your applications faster and more secure with some practical JavaScript examples.
30. End-to-End Encryption Basics
31. How to Create Hidden Secret Messages in Images using Python
Today, we are gonna learn how to apply coding skills to cryptography, by performing image-based stenography which hiding involves secret messages in an image.
Stenography has been used for quite a while. Since World War II, it was heavily used for communication among allies so as to prevent the info being captured by enemies
32. Deploying AES Encryption On Cryptool 2.1
The AES encryption algorithm is a block cipher consist of a block length of 128 bits that uses the same encryption key to perform several rounds of encryption.
33. Web Auth Standard: Guide to Web Authentication API
Secure context
This feature is available only in secure contexts (HTTPS), in some or all supporting browsers.
34. Homomorphic Encryption: Introduction And Use Cases
Organizations nowadays are storing and performing computation of the data on the cloud instead of handling themselves. Cloud Service Providers (CSPs) provide these services at an affordable cost and low maintenance. But to ensure compliance and retain privacy, organizations need to transfer the data in an encrypted format, which does ensure the confidentiality of the data. However, once the data reaches the cloud, the CSP has to decrypt the data to perform operation or computation.
35. An Introduction to Key Derivation Functions: Argon2, Scrypt, and PBKDF2
A key derivation function, or KDF, derives one or many secret keys from a secret value. Therefore, If you've ever needed to store a password in a database or create a private key from a password, you may have used a KDF.
36. Self-Sovereign Identity Is Here—And It Starts with DIDs
Decentralized Identifiers (DIDs) return control of digital identity to users. Learn how DIDs power Web3 privacy, security, and self-sovereign identity.
37. How To Check Whether The Mobile App On Your Phone is Authentic or Not
Have a good look at the apps you have on your Android phone. How do you ensure all of them are authentic? E.g. how can you make sure that the Instagram app that you have on your mobile is a genuine one and not a copy or fake app.
38. Null Cipher: A Classical Encryption Algorithm No Longer Around
A brief history of the null cipher and its applications throughout the years.
39. Garbled Circuits: Basic Scheme and Applications
Garbled circuits are a quite old, and surprisingly simple, cryptographic primitive and simplest form of general-purpose MPC to wrap your head around.
40. How To Store Encrypted Data Collected By Your Web Application With PHP7 and LibSodium
Reasonable security through architecture
41. Learn the Blockchain Basics - Part 3 : Hashing Functions
With the third episode of our shared journey, we will uncover the meaning of the hashing function, share a ride on the Avalanche effect, and much more!
42. Secure Multi-Party Computation Use Cases
Secure Multi-Party Computation (SMPC), as described by Wikipedia, is a subset of cryptography to create methods for multiple users to jointly compute a function over their inputs while keeping those inputs private. A significant benefit of Secure Multi-Party Computation is that it preserves data privacy while making it usable and open for analysis.
43. Challenges of Working With Cryptography APIs in NodeJS
One of the main reasons that lead to insecure NodeJS applications is insecure or bad usage of cryptography APIs. Developers who are not very familiar with such APIs and the underlying crypto concepts often struggle to choose secure configuration options or to even get their code up and running.
44. Cracking The HMAC Message Authentication System In Cryptography
★ HMAC, a popular authentication mechanism used for authenticating a message using cryptographic hash functions.
45. The Do’s and Don’ts of Writing Crypto Code
<em>Writing cryptographic software or adding encryption to an app is an undertaking with numerous pitfalls for a first-timer. And for those already experienced in dealing with crypto matters, simple carelessness or self-assurance can lead to catastrophic results.</em>
46. Zero-Knowledge Proofs: The Simplest Explanation on the Internet
history, concepts, principles, technical implementation, and development status of zero-knowledge proofs in the simplest language ever
47. Quantum Computation and Its Possible Effects on Society
This paper will discuss what quantum computation is and the effects it can have on the way our society works.
48. Cryptography Trends and News for 2020
Quantum Computing
49. What it's Like to Work with a Really Terrible Developer
If you’ve never had this experience you have my envy. You’re on a development team and one of the developers does sloppy work and there is nothing you can do about it.
50. A (late) Layman's Overview of the Technology Behind Apple's CSAM Detection
A layman's overview of the privacy preserving technology that supports apples failed CSAM detection capability.
51. Zero-Knowledge Hackathon Insights and Recommendations
Honest impressions and advice for hackers after the ZK Hack hackathon focused on zero-knowledge proofs. Ethereum L2s, Cosmos, and Bitcoin blockchains. Read now!
52. Demystifying SSH Key Types: From RSA to Ed25519
Explore SSH key types—RSA, DSA, ECDSA, Ed25519—and learn their pros and cons, best‑practice generation commands, and how to choose the right key for your needs.
53. Your Guide to the Web3 Social Graph: Value, Current Protocols, and Where it's Heading
A social graph is a mapping of social relationships between individuals. It reflects the people and their interactions through various channels.
54. An Intro to Shamir's Secret Sharing Cryptographic Algorithm
Adi Shamir’s Secret Sharing is a cryptographic algorithm that allows distinct parties to jointly share ownership of a single secret by holding shares
55. Does The Best Secure Email Really Exist?
In case you are not in raptures when corporations persistently feed you with targeted advertising and 'bad guys' gain access to your private data, probably you need to replace your email service to more secure analogue with reliable encryption.
56. The Ultimate Guide to Webhooks
Get a better understanding of how webhooks work, when to use them and most importantly the security measures to take to use them in practice!
57. Threshold Signatures: Their Potential in Blockchain Security and Practical Applications
This article describes why people need the threshold signature, and what inspiring properties it may bring
58. The Geography of Bans
<strong><em>Top Curious Cases of Governments Opposing Encryption and Secure Means of Communication</em></strong>
59. Beyond Consent: How Data Minimization Can Actually Work in Open Banking
Consent-based access often results in financial services collecting more data than they actually need.
60. Next-Gen FHE Toolchains for the Dev Multiverse: How TFHE Is Taking Us There
Fully homomorphic encryption is changing the game of the data-driven economy. But devs now need powerful FHE toolchains to build homomorphic apps. Enters TFHE.
61. "Privacy and Zero-Knowledge Proof Are Going To Be Critical for A Free Society" - Kieran Mesquita
This article talks about zero-knowledge proof and how zero-knowledge proofs work establishing trust with technology.
62. Chrome Password Manager Betrayed My Trust 13 Years Ago. I Never Forgot
Chrome's broken trust led to Neulock: a password manager built on user control, not encryption & blind faith. Learn the 3 security principles behind it.
63. How Does Symmetric and Asymmetric Public Key Cryptography Work?
Cryptography makes Blockchain Technology more robust and stands out from other technology. Cryptography which uses advance mathematical principles method in transmitting and storing the data, it stores in a way that only the person for whom the data is intended can read and process it.
64. Lowering the Barrier of Entry to Zero Knowledge Proofs
Next Generation Semiconductors: Designing accelerators for advanced cryptography
65. How To Build JWT's in Go
Go is becoming very popular for backend web development, and JWT's are one of the most popular ways to handle authentication on API requests. In this article, we are going to go over the basics of JWT's and how to implement a secure authentication strategy in Go!
66. Randomness and Entropy in Node and Electron
Randomness is a hard problem for computers. For this reason most functions that generate randomness are not considered cryptographically secure. That means that it is possible that an attacker can take a good guess at what number a non-secure randomness generator generated.
67. What the Heck Is Envelope Encryption in Cloud Security?
If you are going deep into cloud security you may have seen the term “Envelope encryption”. Let’s explain the concept and why it is useful.
68. A Step-By-Step Look into How SHA-256 Works
SHA-2 (Secure Hash Algorithm 2), of which SHA-256 is a part, is one of the most popular hash algorithms around.
69. Elliptic Curve Cryptography: A Basic Introduction
Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) is a modern public-key encryption technique famous for being smaller, faster, and more efficient than incumbents.
70. Cypherpunks Write Code: Bruce Schneier, a Cypherpunk Against Blockchains
Bruce Schneier has been a prolific cypherpunk. He's created several cryptographic tools and numerous books, but he's also against blockchains. Why is that?
71. 5 Books You Can Read to Boost Your Computer Science Knowledge
Make use of your downtime and read something good!
72. ZKPs or Zero Knowledge Proofs Are Evolving Blockchains [Explained in non-technical terms]
ZKP can be used for much more than just privacy. ZKPs are so versatile that it may redefine how blockchains work.
73. How to Secure Containers Using Docker Content Trust
Strong cryptographic assurances are needed to secure data. This is where Docker Content Trust (DCT) comes into the picture.
74. Edgar Allan Poe Was Bullish on Crypto
How Edgar Allan Poe introduced early cryptography to the masses as a master cipher solver — engaging tech, literary, and crypto communities to this day.
75. Decrypting the Future: Programmable Cryptography And Its Role in Modern Tech
Programmable cryptography is still a new concept, but one that offers the chance to make very complicated problems much simpler.
76. Which Kind of Crypto Trader Are You?
Since the launch of Bitcoin in 2008, four trader archetypes have arrived to scoop up crypto gains and minimize crypto losses.
77. How we can Better Understand PLONK
Permutations over Lagrange-bases for Oecumenical Noninteractive arguments of Knowledge, or PLONKS are a new general-purpose zer-knowledge proof scheme.
78. Why SNARKs Are the Technology of the Coming Decade
Welcome to the SNARK Age, a pop-up newsletter exploring and celebrating a technology that we believe will have fundamental and deterministic impacts on privacy, computing, cryptography, and money in the years to come. We’ll be sharing (mostly) bite-sized issues highlighting the key events, milestones and people in the space.
79. Most People Don't Care About Cryptography, and That's a Problem
Explore cryptography's vital role in digital security, from app encryption to global privacy laws, and learn to protect your online data.
80. The Evolution of The Public-Private Key Encryption in Blockchain Systems
There are many different methods to verify a user’s identification. Although the management of authentication and active sessions has come a long way, simple password authentication has not been able to provide sufficient security to support the rapid growth in data, advancements in mobile and cloud technologies, and increasing volumes of security breaches.
81. What is Collision Resistance in Cryptography?
A short story about how national secrets, passwords, and financial data stays secret because of a small handful of smart people playing "Bet you can't"
82. An Insecure Pillar in Cybersecurity
From Caesar's cipher to RSA. A deep dive into the inner workings of modern cryptography and its potential crumbling.
83. How Percolate Queries in Elasticsearch Make Alerting a Breeze
Once upon a time, a company I worked for had a problem: We had thousands of messages flowing through our data pipeline each second, and we want to be able to send email and SMS alerts to ours users when messages matching specific criteria were seen.
84. Building an MFA User Authentication System (Enrollment Component Code) Using Images
Most interactive Internet applications require a user to first be “registered” in order to use the application and then further require the user to “log on” each time they wish to use the application. This process of first enrolling a user and then later recognizing that user to allow them access may be described as User Authentication. This article focuses on the code and processes used in the registration component of our Authur user authentication system.
85. Developments In Developing: Computer Scientists vs Engineers
Software Engineering != Computer Science
86. Adi Shamir's Secret Sharing: An Algorithm To Share Ownership
Adi Shamir’s secret sharing is an algorithm used to share ownership of a secret among a group of participants. In order to calculate the original secret, a minimum number of shares must be used.
87. Hack The Planet (Krypton)
The particular challenge I'm speaking of is cleverly called Krypton, because it’s a crypto challenge, on the main page you are given hints and examples.
88. Chain Theory: A Proposed User-Friendly and Customizable Cryptographic Model
Chain theory - a proposed user-friendly and customizable cryptographic model
89. Enhancing Cryptography with Quantum Circuits & Key Distribution
Learn about quantum computing in cybersecurity by exploring quantum circuits, cryptography protocols, and key distribution.
90. What Is Threshold Encryption?
Basic description of threshold encryption with references to mathematics and code implementation.
91. The ERC-4337 Standard: How Does It Improve Wallet Security?
What is ERC-4337? The ERC-4337 standard allows account abstraction and wallet recovery. Understanding the EIP-4337 proposal and how it secures your crypto.
92. Antoni Zolciak, Aleph Zero's COO & CMO, talks about creating a public blockchain
Startup interview with Antoni Zolciak of Aleph Zero, a public blockchain with enhanced privacy features. We combine academic excellence with business know-how.
93. What is a Multi-Dimensional Distributed Ledger?
Imagine if any kind of blockchain you are currently looking at is a 2D point of view of a 3D shaped blockchain. If you want to discover more read my story !
94. Quantum Contingencies in Cryptography: A Short Primer
Are we at the cradle of a quantum age?
95. No-Click Malware Is Here: Why Enterprises Must Prioritize Identity-First Security
David Mahdi gives advice on how identity-first security helps prevent no-click malware attacks from succeeding.
96. 153 Stories To Learn About Cryptography
Learn everything you need to know about Cryptography via these 153 free HackerNoon stories.
97. You Can't Guarantee Webhook Ordering, Here's Why
This post is about one of the topics we get asked about the most: guaranteeing webhook ordering.
98. Practical Cryptography with Go
What algorithm(s) to use, what is safe enough, what is not safe, which implementation, padding, what type of key, encoding, etc
99. The FBI, Apple, and the San Bernardino Massacre
Explore the pivotal case of the FBI's attempt to unlock an iPhone linked to the 2015 San Bernardino shooting.
100. Three Reasons Why Open Source Cryptography Is More Secure
The purpose of cryptography is to keep information private, and the purpose of open-source is to make code public... So we shouldn't we open source our cryptography algorithms right?
101. WTF is Shamir's Secret Sharing Scheme And How Does It Preserve Your Privacy?
An introduction to this privacy-preserving cryptographic technique and how Keyless is using it to transform the way we share and store private data across the internet.
102. A Letter to a Public Key: Rethinking Email Address Ownership
In Eppie, your address is created locally on your device as a cryptographic public key.
103. The Quantum Threat to RSA, ECC, and Modern Encryption Systems
The quantum countdown has begun. Here's why your encrypted data is already at risk—and what you need to do about it before it's too late.
104. The Potential Impact of Quantum Computing on Cryptography and the Security of the Blockchain Network
Post-quantum cryptography is an active and evolving research area that aims to provide secure and efficient cryptographic solutions for the future quantum era.
105. Digital Signatures in Cryptography: Types, Applications, Process
What is a digital signature? It’s probably not what you think it is… in fact, you’re using several right now…
106. What is Zero-Knowledge Proof ?
Let’s explain exactly what that term means in one sentence:
107. On Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs) And Why They Matter
There is a lot of enthusiasm for the application of zero-knowledge proof systems, at Dusk Network we’ve developed the open-source PLONK zero-knowledge proof system. It can be used for many things, and what better way to demonstrate its potential with an example!
108. I Built A Light And Easy to Use PGP Encryption Tool: Here's How
I once needed to generate a PGP key pair and I thought that I could maybe create my own tool in order to do so.
109. zk-SNARK Concepts Explained In Different Levels of Complexity
I’ve decided to write an ELI15 for zk-SNARK jargon since I’ve yet to come across something similar during my studies.
110. The Internet is Broken. Can Crypto Fix It?
111. SSL Certificates Publicly Prove The Identity of the Public Key Owner
In the context of public key cryptography, certificates are a way to prove the identity of the owner of a public key.
112. A Makeover that Changes Everything: The Bitcoin Taproot Update
The Taproot update to Bitcoin will likely be rolled out end of this year, after miners have voted on it. this article will explain why Taproot is a good thing
113. Cryptography Interference With Blockchain
Cryptography Interference With Blockchain
114. Exploring the Ironclad Encryption Standard
A look at updated encryption standards based on strides in quantum cryptography.
115. Liberating Federated Learning for the Everyday Developer
Introduction to Federated Learning for Data Scientists on how to access sensitive datasets for training and evaluating Machine Learning Models
116. Post-Quantum Privacy for Post-Platform Internet
Explore why quantum computers endanger a decentralized, post-platform internet and how Kyber, Dilithium & hybrid crypto can keep your data private.
117. Cypherpunks Write Code: Adam Back and Hashcash
Not every cypherpunk is now working in digital assets, but that’s not the case for Adam Back. Let's discover more about this crypto pioneer!
118. Merkle Trees 101 (Part 1): Structure, Proofs, and Real-World Uses
Part 1 of a series on Merkle trees: how hierarchical hashing enables secure, scalable verification in blockchain and distributed systems.
119. Quantum Cryptography: What Would Happen When Qubits Go Mainstream
Whether through social engineering, phishing scams, or ransomware attacks ultimately it is just a hacker and his classic computer, all that pretty much expected
120. Is There a Future for Cryptocurrencies Without Privacy Features?
Many people think that Bitcoin, Ethereum, and other public blockchains all offer privacy by default. Unfortunately, that is not the case
121. Securely Sharing Secrets Over a Public Channel: The Diffie-Hellman Way
Generate secret to facilitate symmetric-key encryption processes.
122. The Original OTP: Inside the Only Encryption Proven to Be Unbreakable
OTP (One-time Pad) is the only encryption technique mathematically proven to be unbreakable. It was first described by Frank Miller in 1882.
123. On Zero-Knowledge Proofs And Why They Matter
There is a lot of enthusiasm for the application of zero-knowledge proof systems, at Dusk Network we’ve developed the open-source PLONK zero-knowledge proof system. It can be used for many things, and what better way to demonstrate its potential with an example!
124. A Complete Overview of Cryptography
Cryptography provides a method for secure communication. It stops unauthorized parties from gaining access to messages between authorized parties.
125. The Reason XOR is so Special in Cryptography
The reason XOR is so special in cryptography
126. What Role Does Cryptography Play in Blockchain?
Cryptocurrencies need cryptography for two main reasons: Secure transactions and to verify these transfers.
127. An ELI5 Intro to Lattices in Cryptography
128. Stop With the Obfuscation: Encoding and Encryption are Not the Same
This is a topic that has been talked about quite a bit, but I think it's an important one to reiterate to our users.
129. Data Integrity In Cryptography
Data integrity refers to the accuracy, legitimacy, and consistency of information in a system. When a message is sent, particularly using an untrusted medium, data integrity provides us confidence that the message wasn't tampered with.
130. Understanding Stablecoins and DAG with Stella Dyer
Millicent is a government-backed first-mover stablecoin. Founder Stella Dyer founded the company after growing up in the UK as a refugee from the Biafran War.
131. An Introduction to Web Stacks
Having recently worked with young web developers who were exposed for the first time to proper production infrastructure, I received many questions about the various components that one can find in the architecture of a "Web service". These questions clearly expressed the
confusion (and sometimes the frustration) of developers who understand
how to create endpoints in a high-level language such as Node.js or Python, but were never introduced to the complexity of what happens
between the user's browser and their framework of choice. Most of the
time they don't know why the framework itself is there in the first place.
132. How Zero-Knowledge Proofs and Rank-1 Constraint Systems Transform Blockchain Scalability
Discover how zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs) and Rank-1 Constraint Systems (R1CS) are transforming blockchain scalability.
133. Introduction to Threshold Signatures
Today we’re announcing cross-chain zaps integration into the Symbiosis protocol.
134. Smart Cities: Cybersecurity in the Era of IoT
A smart city is representative of urbanization in the digital world. The infrastructure of smart cities is built on embedded Internet of Things (IoT) technology. The smart city promises new opportunities and growth in the urban world. These opportunities include better connectivity, productivity, agility, and innovation. However, it is a known fact that with opportunities come challenges.
135. The Lightning Round With StevieSats: 2022 Noonies Nominee Interview - Internet Heroes
Stevie is a FinTech editor and co-founder of Womxn In Crypto, an educational community obsessed with Bitcoin and blockchain tech. She loves cryptography!
136. Elliptic Curve Cryptography: A Deep-Dive into its Building Blocks, Implementation, and Drawbacks
One of the most powerful types of cryptography being used nowadays is Elliptic Curve Cryptography. This method is used to secure, among others, the Cloudflare
137. Zero-Knowledge Proofs: How JPMorgan Processes $2 Billion Daily Without Seeing Transactions
How JPMorgan and Deutsche Bank use zero-knowledge proofs to verify information without exposing it. The cryptography solving Wall Street's privacy problem.
138. Cryptographic Magic in Decentralized Storage
On Web2 or the traditional web, storage systems were designed to suit
fast-growing, collaborative environments. These storage systems boasted different degrees of data availability and data security and protection from loss. As Web2 grew in adoption so did the generation of Web2 data volume and density in many formats. This data could be large files, non-transactional, often created by a single user, and may be shared over some geographical distance. This design led to the reliance on central authorities to store the world's data.
139. An Encryption Deep Dive - Part Three
In Part 3 of their series on encryption, Chris Hickman and Jon Christensen of Kelsus and Rich Staats of Secret Stache discuss end-to-end encryption in practice.
140. 6 Not-so-obvious Tech Predictions
By the time of writing of this article everyone knows, the "technologies of the future" as listed from various mainstream media. And I agree with most of them. It is worth discussing a few not so obvious though. I expect my "predictions" to be fulfilled by 2030.
141. Build (And Then Crack) Your First Message Encryption Protocol With This Guide
Understand how XOR encryption works and why it is vulnerable to attacks. Learn about key length detection, brute-force methods, and techniques used to break XOR
142. Revisiting Blockchain Basics: Part 1—What is a Blockchain?
Blockchain: A revolutionary technology for secure, decentralized transactions. Irreversible, transparent, and open to all.
143. Cybersecurity Threats in Crypto Exchanges Everyone Should Know
Cybercriminals have turned to utilizing a variety of tools and strategies aimed to target cryptocurrency exchange customers, steal their money, or steal.
144. Random Password Generator Command in Linux we Rarely Use
Password generators are now in abundance. Particularly surprising are the many web applications for this purpose.
145. A Very Basic Intro to Hash Functions: SHA-256, MD-5, etc
This is going to be a basic introduction to hash functions. I will assume most of my audience is here to gain an understanding of why hash functions are used and the basic idea of why they work. My goal is to explain it in a general sense, I will be omitting proofs and implementation details and instead focusing on the high-level principles.
146. Cryptography-Based Voting and The US Elections: The Reality
This is a two-part project. This part is about reality. The other part is science fiction. Both are about mobile, blockchain, and cryptographically secure voting systems in the context of US elections. (Science Fiction: link)
147. [Announcement] The ZPrize Competition For Zero Knowledge Cryptography by Aleo
ZPrize Competition. Over $2 million of cash prizes! The goal of ZPrize is to bring together the best teams at the intersection of cryptography research.
148. What are the Cypherpunks Fighting For?
Cypherpunks hold an ideology that states that privacy is an essential component of freedom and without privacy, one cannot have true freedom of speech.
149. Unlocking the Magic of Zero-Knowledge-Proofs—Part 2: Artificial Reasoning and Limits of Information
Explore the fusion of cryptography, metaphysics, and human ingenuity in unraveling the mysteries of ZKP.
150. The Genesis Block and The Phantom: A Story of Satoshi Nakamoto
Satoshi Nakamoto — the maverick inventor of Bitcoin — not only saw a pregnant future but also made us its midwives as well.
151. Will AES-256 Withstand The Gauntlet Thrown by Quantum Computers?
With quantum computers getting more powerful every year, many worry about the safety of modern encryption standards. As quantum computers improve in performance and the number of qubits used for calculations increase, current crypto systems are under more threat of attack.
152. What Are Public and Private Keys: An Intro to the Mathematics of Crypto Security
Discover how public and private keys secure cryptocurrency with elliptic curve cryptography, wallets, and best practices for staying safe online.
153. Safeguarding Your Videos with NFT Marketplace and Advanced Cryptography in Livepeer
As video content evolves, so should the security of your videos. Learn how to safeguard your videos using an NFT marketplace and advanced cryptography.
154. Security in the Digital Age: A Case for Blockchain Identity
At present it is almost impossible to live our day-to-day lives without transacting online or using the internet for our social interactions. As of 2019 there are over 4 billion active internet users – more than half the world’s population – and worldwide the average person spends 6 hours and 42 minutes online each day.
155. Slogging #26: How Scared You Are Of Deepfakes?
This Slack discussion by Arthur, Limarc, austin and richard-kubina occurred in hackernoon's official #slogging-beta channel. How scared you are of deepfakes?
156. The Day Crypto Dies: When China or Russia Crack Bitcoin First
Bitcoin won’t be broken by regulation, it’ll be broken by physics. Here’s how quantum computing could trigger a stealth global attack on crypto
157. 102 Stories To Learn About Encryption
Learn everything you need to know about Encryption via these 102 free HackerNoon stories.
158. Unlocking the Power of Zero-Knowledge Proofs
Sachin Kumar is advancing blockchain security by integrating smart contracts with zero-knowledge proofs, ensuring privacy and trust in digital transactions.
159. Cryptographic Primitives in Blockchain : Part I
here are various such cryptographic primitives that are employed in blockchain, let's start with hash functions
160. Everything Software Developers Need to Know About Cryptography
A practical introduction to cryptography, covering AES, RSA, hashes, MACs, and digital signatures (plus best practices for secure systems).
161. Web Crypto API: A Low-Level Interface for Internet Security
The Web Crypto API is an interface allowing a script to use cryptographic primitives in order to build systems using cryptography.
162. How Data Encryption Can Simplify Infrastructure Architecture
Learn how platform and security engineering teams can leverage Keyper's data encryption capabilities to improve security standards, simplify infrastructure arch
163. Building Aether: Architectural Breakdown of a Local-First P2P Messenger
Architectural breakdown of Aether: a zero-server, local-first P2P messenger. Navigating strict IPC security, ESM constraints, and libp2p direct node discovery.
164. Refactoring CryptoJS in Modern ECMAScript
Repository: entronad/crypto-es
165. Ennoventure Secures $8.9M in Series A to Scale AI-Powered Brand Protection Technology
Ennoventure Secures $8.9M in Series A to Scale AI-Powered Brand Protection Technology
166. Introducing zkWeb - ZKPs For Everyone
Introducing zkWeb - bringing zero-knowledge proofs to the web for everyone!
167. The Quantum Apocalypse: Your Encryption Will Fail And Even Your Bitcoin Will Be At Risk
The threat to the private data of millions of users across the world is real. Future quantum computers that could break the RSA of today are a terrible risk!
168. The report on Cryptoeconomics Moscow Meetup #5: zk-cryptography
The 5th Cryptoecon Meetup has finished, and it’s time to make a short summary of everything that was discussed there. So far, it was the most interesting meetup among all that we have conducted. Zk-cryptography was discussed and it featured three guests, each of them with his own topic of progressing complexity. We wish to thank RAHIB and CryptoAcademy for the aid in organization!
169. Mapping Prime Factorization onto Palm Jumeirah: A Geometric View of the Elliptic Curve Method
Imagine the Elliptic Curve Method as exploring Palm Jumeirah, Dubai’s iconic palm-shaped island. The island represents an elliptic curve y² = x³ + ax + b mod M.
170. Viva La Revolution Part 3: Cybersecurity, Ciphers, and Quantum Computing
Applied Category Theory (ACT) has emerged as a beacon of hope in the fields of cybersecurity, ciphers, and quantum computing. ACT holds the potential to shed li
171. Crypto's Epitaph: The Demise and Resurrection of a Digital Frontier
In the vast expanse of our ever-changing digital landscape, there once existed a promising frontier known as cryptocurrency. However, like a phoenix rising from
172. Basic of Cryptography
What is Cryptography?
173. Educational Byte: Cryptography and Its Connection to Cryptocurrencies
Cryptography is the science of securing digital information through complex mathematical techniques. It's also the reason why cryptocurrencies exist at all.
174. #Debunked - 4 Common Myths About NFTs
NFTs are the digitized form of any artwork, and the people interested in these artworks can buy them from NFT marketplaces.
175. Cryptography-Based Voting and The US Election: Science Fiction & Stories From Potential Futures
These stories are from a two-part project. While this part is science fiction, the other part is about reality. Both parts are about mobile, blockchain, and cryptographically secure voting in the context of the US election system. (Reality Piece: link).
176. What If We Use Blockchain to Elect The Next President?
That 2020 US Presidential elections would be tight and a nail biter was to be expected. At least by those who had a real feel for American politics
and who took critically the mainstream media propaganda and the sponsored polls for a blue landslide.
177. Cryptography's Developer Dilemma: An Urgent Call for API Research
This study pinpoints developers' frequent cryptography challenges, offering crucial insights for software leaders and library designers
178. Navigating the Future of Blockchain with COTI V2's Privacy Innovations
A closer look at how COTI V2's technological advancements are shaping the next generation of blockchain applications.
179. How to Protect Your Digital Identity
One of the biggest challenges we netizens encounter is defending freedom and human rights on the internet.
180. Introduction to Cryptography: Vigenère Cipher [Part 2]
Hi again and welcome back to part 2 of the basic cryptography. Previously we discuss about what is cryptography and how fundamental and ancient problem it is in communication science. We talk about ceaser's cipher and how easy it is to break. We also talk about Substitution Cipher which was slight improvement to Ceaser' cipher but can easily be cracked using Frequency analysis technique.
181. Understanding Quantum Cryptography
Quantum cryptography uses physics to develop a cryptosystem completely secure against being compromised without the knowledge of the sender or the receiver of the messages. The word quantum itself refers to the most fundamental behavior of the smallest particles of matter and energy.
182. Apple vs. FBI: The Battle for Your Digital Secrets
This case revolves around the FBI seeking assistance from Apple in unlocking a device related to an investigation, which Apple refused to do.
183. How Hackers Can Brute-Force Passwords And Find A Correct Key?
Brute force attackers guess passwords, passphrases, and private keys in an attempt to eventually get the right answer and crack the security of a system, but how do they know when they have the right key?
184. Beyond the Panic: What Quantum Safety Really Looks Like for Bitcoin
Quantum computing won’t just break Bitcoin, it threatens all cryptographic systems. Ronnie Huss explains what devs must build now to stay ahead.
185. Why I Built Witness and How it Works Under the Hood
How Witness uses device, operator, and server-backed cryptographic signatures to authenticate photos and videos at capture.
[186. Dazed and Confused: What’s Wrong with Crypto
Libraries? — Results and Discussion](https://hackernoon.com/dazed-and-confused-whats-wrong-with-crypto-libraries-results-and-discussion)
In this paper, researchers look into the types of problems that exist in various crypto libraries.
187. Cryptography and the Golden Security Line
Dive into the ever-evolving landscape of Web 3.0, where interconnected technologies like cryptocurrencies, tokens, and blockchains shape our digital world.
188. Why You Should Care About Homomorphic Encryption
The hype is dead, long live the hype. After deep learning, a new entry is about ready to go on stage. The usual journalists are warming up their keyboards for blogs, news feeds, tweets, in one word, hype. This time it’s all about privacy and data confidentiality. The new words, homomorphic encryption.
189. BBS Signatures Using Weil Pairings
BBS signatures allow one person to sign many documents efficiently by using elliptic curve parings. I've put an example on github to show how it works.
190. Analyzing Bitcoin's Signature Size: How It Evolved Over The Years
Digital signatures are an essential building block of the Bitcoin protocol and account for a large part of the data stored on the blockchain. We detail how the size of the encoded ECDSA signatures reduced multiple times over the last years and how the proposed Schnorr signature compares to the length of the currently used ECDSA signatures.
191. Own or Be Owned: Why User-Owned Agents Are the Future
The future of digital technology is based on user-owned agents.
192. How to Revolutionize Data Security Through Homomorphic Encryption
For decades, we have benefited from modern cryptography to protect our sensitive data during transmission and storage. However, we have never been able to keep the data protected while it is being processed.
193. Defense Against Power Analysis Attacks: Avoiding Elliptic Curve Side Channel Attacks
Avoid power analysis side channel attacks by using mathematical formulas which are uniform for all bit patterns.
194. Better Cryptography Means a Better Bitcoin
Currently, Bitcoin is quite limited in regards to its cryptography and reaching its true decentralization potential. One of my aims is to change all that. Bitcoin has the problem of an increasingly large carbon footprint, potential threats to it being breakable, and specialized brute force attacks that are becoming increasingly complex.
[195. Dazed and Confused: What’s Wrong with Crypto
Libraries? — Methodology](https://hackernoon.com/dazed-and-confused-whats-wrong-with-crypto-libraries-methodology)
In this paper, researchers look into the types of problems that exist in various crypto libraries.
196. Constants in Go Vs. Constants in Javascript
Constants can be confusing and easy to misuse in Go if you are coming from an untyped language. In this article we will learn what constants are, and when it is best to make use of them.
197. A Timeline of Public Key Infrastructure: What Worked, What Failed, and What’s Next
Explore the evolution of PKI, from centralized certificate authorities to decentralized systems like SDSI, TOFU, IRMA, and Sovrin.
198. The Noonification: We’ve Been Here Before: The Impacts of Today’s Age of AI (4/26/2024)
4/26/2024: Top 5 stories on the HackerNoon homepage!
199. Does Consistent Hashing Help?
Let’s start by understanding about few terminologies and some facts related to this article and come on common ground.
200. The Dawn of Digital Fort Knoxes: How Multisig and MPC Are Revolutionizing Crypto Security
From basic keys to digital Fort Knoxes: Unravel the journey of crypto security with our deep dive into Multisig and MPC wallets.
201. Why Public Key Infrastructure Isn’t the Silver Bullet for Digital Security
PKI isn’t bulletproof. Explore the technical, legal, economic, and social risks behind digital certificates and public key infrastructures.
202. The Caesar Cipher: One of the Earliest, and Simplest, Encryptions
Writing about one of the earliest forms of encryption in history called the Caesar cipher!
203. The Nitty Gritty of Public Keys vs. Private Keys in Crypto
Cryptography is the core of cryptocurrency, and without it, none of the transactions will be secured, nor the integrity of any information is upheld.
204. Cryptographic Communication Using Dynamic Prime Sets
Delve into the intricacies of a groundbreaking cryptographic system leveraging dynamic prime sets and cyclic ciphers for secure communication.
205. Would You Trust Your Government With Your Digital Identity?
Explore global digital identity projects—from Aadhaar to Estonia’s eID—and uncover the lessons, risks, and opportunities shaping eGov worldwide.
206. Google’s Quantum Bitcoin Threat Is Real, But Not Here Yet
What Google’s new quantum paper really says about Bitcoin: lower attack costs, no immediate break, and why Taproot exposure matters.
207. Even Before Russian Interference, US Election Tech Was Failing
The Senate Intelligence Committee recently released a report detailing Russia’s interference in the 2016 election. Russian interference is nothing new – discourse since 2016 has focused on Russia’s (technically legal) social engineering and manipulation of social networks. The report, however, confirms Russia’s definitively illegal interference with electronic voting systems, and “the US was unprepared at all levels of government for a concerted attack from a determined foreign adversary on our election infrastructure,” said Committee Chairman Richard Burr in an accompanying statement.
Given American technological capabilities, how was this interference possible?
Voting is still in the dark ages
Voting lies at the heart of democracy, yet it has failed to make the same technological advancements that we’ve come to expect in other facets of our lives. Almost five decades into the “digital revolution,” we still consider paper ballots the “secure” standard for choosing leadership.
Why don’t we vote electronically?
Implicit in our trust of paper-based systems is a distrust of technology. Although technology has the potential to revolutionize the democratic process, the digital voting systems currently in place are often far from secure.
Today’s electronic ballot boxes, when implemented incorrectly, pose astonishing risks: For example, the US’ electronic ballot systems (called DRE, which stands for “direct electronic recording”) have notoriously relied on Windows XP, a software released in 2001. In 2014, security expert Carsten Schuermann hacked into a DRE machine over a Wi-Fi network in mere minutes by exploiting Windows XP’s old security protocols.
208. The Early Cypherpunks and the Enduring Crypto Fad
I recently re-read Steven Levy’s 1993 Wired article about the early days of Cypherpunks and their obsession with developing privacy technologies.
209. Quantum Computers Can’t Break Classical Cryptography – Yet
Quantum computers have a long way to go before they are a real threat to breaking classical computer algorithms including elliptic curve discrete log problem.
[210. Dazed and Confused: What’s Wrong with Crypto
Libraries? — Conclusions](https://hackernoon.com/dazed-and-confused-whats-wrong-with-crypto-libraries-conclusions)
In this paper, researchers look into the types of problems that exist in various crypto libraries.
[211. Dazed and Confused: What’s Wrong with Crypto
Libraries? — Related Work](https://hackernoon.com/dazed-and-confused-whats-wrong-with-crypto-libraries-related-work)
In this paper, researchers look into the types of problems that exist in various crypto libraries.
212. What is Quantum Key Distribution Method?
We have long sought secure ways to exchange data. Some current methods include cryptography, hashing and requiring the solution of math problems that demand enormous computing power. Quantum computing could render some of our current methods insecure and obsolete, while enabling new methods.
213. The All Writs Act and the San Bernardino iPhone Case
Learn the legal complexities surrounding the use of the All Writs Act in the San Bernardino iPhone encryption case.
214. QSB Could Save Legacy Bitcoin From Quantum Theft
Quantum-Safe Bitcoin (QSB) is a new construction for spending legacy Bitcoin outputs safely against a quantum attacker, in current Script, no soft fork.
[215. Dazed and Confused: What’s Wrong with Crypto
Libraries? — Abstract and Introduction](https://hackernoon.com/dazed-and-confused-whats-wrong-with-crypto-libraries-abstract-and-introduction)
In this paper, researchers look into the types of problems that exist in various crypto libraries.
216. The Terrifying Truth About Quantum Computing Blockchain Isn't Ready For
Quantum computing threatens to crack blockchain’s cryptography, risking wallets, DeFi, NFTs. Web3 needs quantum-resistant solution fast.
217. 53 Years of Public Key Infrastructure and It's Still Broken?
Europe is betting big on digital identity. But can decades-old PKI tech secure it, or will its flaws derail the EU’s digital future?
[218. Dazed and Confused: What’s Wrong with Crypto
Libraries? — Acknowledgments and References](https://hackernoon.com/dazed-and-confused-whats-wrong-with-crypto-libraries-acknowledgments-and-references)
In this paper, researchers look into the types of problems that exist in various crypto libraries.
219. Apple vs. FBI Closing Arguments
Explore the conclusion of the legal battle between the U.S. government and Apple over unlocking an iPhone tied to the San Bernardino massacre.
220. Post-Quantum ZK Is an Architecture Problem, Not a Parameter Problem
A layered framework for reasoning about post-quantum migration in deployed zero-knowledge proof systems.
221. Testing Signed and Encrypted Cookies in Rails Application
Recently I’ve been refactoring the tests for a gem I maintain and I needed to test that it sets the right cookies at the right time. But the cookies in use in the gem are signed cookies and that caused a slight hiccup for me. I’d never tested the value in a signed cookie before and it wasn’t immediately obvious what to do.
222. Apple's Alleged Obstruction of Critical Evidence in the San Bernardino Shooting Case
Discover the pivotal role of the All Writs Act and explore the complexities of obtaining crucial evidence from a locked device apple device.
223. Apple's Conundrum: Balancing Privacy and National Security
Explore the legal tug-of-war between the U.S. government and Apple over unlocking an iPhone connected to the San Bernardino massacre.
224. Conditional payments on “Bitcoin” using Discreet Log Contracts
Discreet log contract is a conditional payment mechanism invented by Tadge Dryja, co-author of the Bitcoin Lightning Network paper and a member of MIT’s Digital Currency Initiative team. The <a href="https://adiabat.github.io/dlc.pdf">paper</a> was written in 2017.
225. Glossary of Security Terms: Encryption
In cryptography, encryption is the conversion of cleartext into a coded text or ciphertext. A ciphertext is intended to be unreadable by unauthorized readers.
226. The Lost Bitcoin: Chapter 5 - Recovering Peter's Missing Keys
An experiment coauthoring with ChatGPT. Where Olivia meets Ana and Mike and they explain to her how they recovered Peter’s missing keys.
227. Why this Encryption Method Could Outpace Today’s Standards
Proof and benchmarks of a new encryption schema compared against RSA, ECDH, SIDH, and Kyber for speed and correctness.
[228. Dazed and Confused: What’s Wrong with Crypto
Libraries? — Threats to Validity](https://hackernoon.com/dazed-and-confused-whats-wrong-with-crypto-libraries-threats-to-validity)
In this paper, researchers look into the types of problems that exist in various crypto libraries.
229. Staking on ‘Finney’ Testnet to Counter Sybil Attacks is now LIVE!!
The Finney testnet was launched to avoid future Sybil attacks.
230. The Government's Impact on Encryption
Anyone who has seen the movie The Imitation Game, or studied computer science in school, probably has at least a brief understanding of Enigma, Alan Turing, and some of the other fun cryptography that went on during WWII. During this time and until the 1970's, governments from around the world had near total control of all cryptographic systems.
231. Protocols Should Be Designed by Amateurs
Protocols are not handed down from on high. On the contrary, they start as a seed, which grows into a massive tree (if it’s worthy, and more importantly, if it’s nurtured). These seeds are no more than ideas, planted by individuals, perhaps in a Slack channel or, more formally, as an RFC.
232. Data-Flow-Based Normalization Generation Algorithm of R1CS: Conclusion & References
Explore the groundbreaking algorithm proposed in this paper for constructing R1CS paradigms, ensuring consistency and equivalence in blockchain systems.
233. Writing Code for Justice: Apple's Burden or Responsibility?
Explore the legal argument regarding the burden placed on Apple in the San Bernardino iPhone unlocking case.
234. Apple and the Case of Government-Sanctioned Jail Breaking
Learn how the government argues that Apple's unique position makes its assistance crucial in unlocking a case-related iphone.
235. Streamlining R1CS Normalization: A Guide to the Normalization Algorithm
Learn how data flow graphs and constraint generation techniques contribute to optimizing blockchain efficiency and scalability.
236. Can the BTC - BCH - BSV Warriors Call A Truce? We're All in the Same Boat.
Hi, Joey Trend here! Lately the bitcoin, bcash, and bsv communities have been at war. We should stop the fight against one another. Instead, we should start the fight against fiat currency.
237. Salts and Hashes
238. Explaining The Role of Cryptography During COVID-19 [A DIY Guide]
Don’t get me wrong, it’s a funny title. It starts with how, whereas when you read it you probably wondered why.
239. Lightweight Public Key Encryption in Post-Quantum Computing Era
Future-proof encryption is here: Cramer-Shoup on elliptic curves delivers smaller keys, faster ops, and quantum-resistant security.
240. Insights from R1CS Normalization Benchmark Analysis
Explore the evaluation of the R1CS normalization algorithm through a comprehensive benchmark analysis.
241. Why Public-Key Encryption Will Never Be 100% Secure
A deep dive into the history of public-key cryptography, its security flaws, and the race toward post-quantum encryption.
242. Could Banning Cryptography Keep the Country Safe?
Politicians in the United States have been claiming recently that end-to-end encryption is certainly too dangerous to permit. This movement is serious. Congress even introduced a bill that would remove the protections that we currently have that allow us to legally encrypt information. Lindsey Graham is one such proponent of this restrictive legislation:
243. Hack The Planet (Krypton)
The particular challenge I'm speaking of is cleverly called Krypton, because it’s a crypto challenge, on the main page you are given hints and examples.
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